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The Cuban Five, also known as the Miami Five (Gerardo Hernández, Antonio Guerrero, Ramón Labañino, Fernando González, and René González),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Miami Five wives again denied visas to visit their husbands )〕 are five Cuban intelligence officers who were arrested in September 1998 and later convicted in Miami of conspiracy to commit espionage, conspiracy to commit murder, acting as an agent of a foreign government, and other illegal activities in the United States. The Five were in the United States to observe and infiltrate the Cuban-American groups Alpha 66, the F4 Commandos, the Cuban American National Foundation, and Brothers to the Rescue.〔〔4 June 2008, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, (D. C. Docket No. 98-00721-CR-JAL ).〕 They were part of ''La Red Avispa'' (the ''Wasp Network''). In 2001 the Cuban government acknowledged—after denying the fact for nearly 3 years—that the 5 men were intelligence agents. It said they were spying on Miami's Cuban exile community, not the US government.〔(Havana Complains About Conditions for Cuban Spy in U.S. Jail ) by the ''International Herald Tribune'', August 4, 2010.〕 Cuba contends that the men were sent to South Florida in the wake of several terrorist bombings in Havana organized by anti-communist terrorist Luis Posada Carriles, a former Central Intelligence Agency operative.〔〔Duncan Campbell (2008) ''('Society has become more punitive' )'', section ''The history of the Cuban Five''.〕 The Five appealed their convictions, and concerns about the fairness of their trial have received international attention.〔Pat Denny, ''Green Left Online'', (UNITED STATES: Cuban Five ruling a "travesty of justice" ), #680, 2006.〕 A three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Atlanta overturned their convictions in 2005, citing the "prejudices" of Miami’s anti-Castro Cubans, but the full court later reversed the five's bid for a new trial and reinstated the original convictions.〔 In June 2009 the United States Supreme Court declined to review the case.〔 In Cuba, the Five are viewed by the government as national heroes and portrayed as having sacrificed their liberty in the defense of their country.〔''The Washington Post'', 3 June 2006, (Cubans Jailed in US as Spies Are Hailed at Home as Heroes ).〕 René González was released on October 7, 2011 following the completion of 13 years of his sentence with a further three years of probation in the US. He was allowed to return to Cuba for his father's funeral on 22 April 2013, and a federal judge allowed him to stay there provided that he renounce his United States citizenship. Fernando González was released on February 27, 2014.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. News - National News )〕 The remaining members were released on December 17, 2014, in a prisoner swap with Cuba for an American intelligence officer (identified by a senior American as Rolando Sarraff Trujillo〔("Journey to Reconciliation Visited Worlds of Presidents, Popes and Spies" ), ''New York Times'', December 17, 2014〕); the release also coincided with the release by Cuba of American contractor Alan Phillip Gross, although the governments characterized the release of Gross as being unrelated to the release of the Cuban Five members. The release was sanctioned by President Obama and was viewed by some observers as a first step in the easing of political relations between the United States and Cuba, known as the Cuban Thaw.〔Elise Labott, "(Cuba releases American Alan Gross, paves way for historic easing of American sanctions )", ''CNN'' (December 17, 2014).〕 ==Background== In 1960s and 1970s, there were claims of attacks against Cuba by U.S.-based counterrevolutionary exile groups such as Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU), Alpha 66, and Omega 7. In a 2001 report by Cuba's Permanent Mission to the United Nations, the Cuban government cataloged 3,478 deaths as a result of "terrorism", "aggression", "acts of piracy and other actions".〔Cuban Ministry of Foreign Relations (2001), (Informe de Cuba al Comité Antiterrorismo del Consejo de Seguridad en virtud de la Resolución 1373(2001) ).〕 The events cited span the course of four decades and pertain to attacks such as the bombing of Cubana Flight 455 by men trained by the Central Intelligence Agency, the CIA-supported Bay of Pigs invasion, and the War Against the Bandits between the government and anti-communist rebels in the Escambray Mountains (see also Operation Mongoose). As a result, the Cuban government had long sought to combat these groups. Their efforts include the use of spies sent to operate in the U.S.〔 The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other U.S. organizations had been monitoring the activities of Cuban spy suspects for more than 30 years.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cuban Five」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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